Level 1 — Manual

Paper batch records, manual logs, no MES. Re-keying and reconciliation are routine.

Level 2 — Fragmented

Some areas have electronic records or local MES modules, but they are not connected to upstream/downstream systems.

Level 3 — Integrated

Plant-wide MES with electronic batch records integrated to ERP and QMS. Most data flows automatically.

Level 4 — Automated

Real-time analytics on execution data trigger interventions before issues become deviations.

Level 5 — Autonomous

Execution self-tunes based on closed-loop feedback; human supervision is the exception, not the rule.