Paper logs and spreadsheets

Operators record values manually; analyses begin with re-keying.

Local SCADA/LIMS at the cell or line

Each system holds its own slice; cross-line analysis means asking IT for an extract.

Plant-wide historian / MES with site coverage

A central system covers the production site; data is queryable by engineers without an IT ticket.

Plant data integrated with enterprise systems

ERP, CRM, and finance can be joined to plant data for an end-to-end picture.

Data flows from suppliers, partners, customers

External value-chain signals (supplier deliveries, customer usage) feed the twin.